PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

PYTHON

1991

The versatile serpent. Data science, AI, automation.

HIGH-LEVEL INTERPRETED

JAVASCRIPT

1995

The web's native tongue. Runs everywhere.

WEB DYNAMIC

RUST

2010

Fearless concurrency. Memory safety without GC.

SYSTEMS SAFE

GO

2009

Google's simplicity. Fast compile, fast run.

CONCURRENT COMPILED

C++

1985

Power and complexity. Systems, games, high-perf.

SYSTEMS OOP

C

1972

The foundation. Unix, kernels, embedded.

LOW-LEVEL CLASSIC

JAVA

1995

Write once, run anywhere. Enterprise king.

JVM ENTERPRISE

TYPESCRIPT

2012

JavaScript with superpowers. Type safety.

TYPED WEB

RUBY

1995

Optimized for developer happiness. Elegant.

DYNAMIC OOP

SWIFT

2014

Apple's modern language. Safe and fast.

APPLE SAFE

KOTLIN

2011

Better Java. Android's preferred choice.

JVM CONCISE

PHP

1995

Powers the web. WordPress, Laravel, legacy.

SERVER WEB

C#

2000

Microsoft's flagship. Games, enterprise, .NET.

.NET VERSATILE

ZIG

2016

C but better. Comptime, explicit, robust.

SYSTEMS MODERN-C

NIM

2008

Python-like syntax, C performance.

COMPILED EFFICIENT

CRYSTAL

2014

Ruby syntax, C speed. Type inferred.

TYPED FAST

ODIN

2016

Data-oriented. Manual memory, explicit.

DATA-ORIENTED SYSTEMS

JULIA

2012

Scientific computing. Fast as C, easy as Python.

SCIENTIFIC TECHNICAL

DART

2011

Flutter's engine. Client-optimized.

FLUTTER CLIENT

LUA

1993

Lightweight scripting. Games, embedded.

EMBEDDED SCRIPTING

HASKELL

1990

Pure functional. Lazy evaluation, strong types.

FUNCTIONAL TYPED

ELIXIR

2011

Distributed and fault-tolerant on BEAM.

CONCURRENT FUNCTIONAL

R

1993

Statistical computing and graphics.

DATA-SCIENCE STATISTICAL

BASH

1989

Shell scripting and automation.

SHELL SCRIPTING

PERL

1987

Duct tape of the internet. Regex power.

TEXT-PROCESSING LEGACY

GROOVY

2003

Java with elegance. JVM compatible.

JVM DYNAMIC

SQL

1974

Query language for data. Universal standard.

DATABASE UNIVERSAL

ASSEMBLY

1949

Low-level machine code. Direct hardware.

LOW-LEVEL CPU

POWERSHELL

2006

Windows scripting platform. Task automation.

SCRIPTING WINDOWS

PROLOG

1972

Logic programming. AI and inference.

LOGIC AI

SOLIDITY

2015

Smart contracts. Ethereum blockchain.

BLOCKCHAIN CONTRACTS

GDSCRIPT

2014

Godot game engine. Game development.

GAMEDEV SCRIPTING

LISP

1958

Language of symbolic expressions. Foundational.

FUNCTIONAL HISTORIC

SCALA

2003

Scalable JVM language. Functional + OOP.

JVM FUNCTIONAL

MATLAB

1984

Numerical computing. Scientific research.

SCIENTIFIC NUMERICAL

COBOL

1959

Legacy enterprise systems. Still in use.

LEGACY ENTERPRISE

D

2001

Modern C alternative. Systems programming.

SYSTEMS COMPILED

ADA

1983

Safety-critical systems. Aerospace, defense.

SAFETY CRITICAL

CLOJURE

2007

Functional JVM language. Lisp dialect.

FUNCTIONAL JVM

FORTRAN

1957

Scientific computing. Numerical analysis.

SCIENTIFIC LEGACY

F#

2005

.NET functional language. Practical FP.

FUNCTIONAL .NET

ERLANG

1986

Distributed systems. Telecom pioneer.

CONCURRENT DISTRIBUTED

PROCESSING

2001

Creative coding. Visual arts programming.

CREATIVE VISUAL

VERILOG

1984

Hardware description. FPGA programming.

HARDWARE HDL

OBJECTIVE-C

1986

Apple development. iOS legacy support.

APPLE LEGACY

ELM

2012

Functional web frontend. Compiler to JS.

FUNCTIONAL WEB

NODE.JS

2009

JavaScript runtime. Server-side JS.

RUNTIMEWEB

DELPHI

1995

Windows development. RAD framework.

DESKTOPWINDOWS

HACK

2014

PHP dialect by Facebook. Static typing.

PHPTYPED

TCL

1988

Scripting language. Tk GUI framework.

SCRIPTINGGUI

VB.NET

2002

.NET framework language. Microsoft.

.NETENTERPRISE

PASCAL

1970

Teaching language. Procedural.

EDUCATIONALCOMPILED

ABAP

1983

SAP business development.

ENTERPRISESAP

SCHEME

1975

Minimal Lisp dialect. Academic.

FUNCTIONALLISP

RACKET

1994

Lisp variant. Modern features.

FUNCTIONALLISP

VALA

2006

GObject language. GNOME development.

LINUXGNOME

MODULA-2

1978

Module system. Large-scale software.

COMPILEDMODULAR

VHDL

1983

Hardware description. FPGA design.

HARDWAREHDL

V

2019

Simple, fast systems language.

COMPILEDSAFE

JAI

2017

Performance-focused systems language.

HIGH-PERFSYSTEMS

CARBON

2022

C++ successor by Google.

EXPERIMENTALSYSTEMS

MOJO

2023

Python meets systems programming.

PYTHONPERFORMANCE

GLEAM

2016

Type-safe, scalable systems.

FUNCTIONALWEB

OCTAVE

1988

MATLAB alternative. Numerical computing.

NUMERICALSCIENCE

STAN

2012

Bayesian statistics. Probabilistic.

STATISTICALSCIENCE

SAS

1976

Business analytics enterprise.

ANALYTICSENTERPRISE

STATA

1985

Statistical software. Econometrics.

STATISTICALRESEARCH

SCILAB

1990

Numerical computing. MATLAB alternative.

NUMERICALSCIENCE

GNUPLOT

1986

Plotting and graphing tool.

VISUALIZATIONPLOTTING

WOLFRAM

1988

Symbolic mathematics. Computational.

SYMBOLICMATHEMATICS

MAXIMA

1982

Computer algebra system.

SYMBOLICALGEBRA

OCAML

1996

Functional language from INRIA.

FUNCTIONALCOMPILED

RESCRIPT

2020

ReasonML compiled to JavaScript.

FUNCTIONALWEB

REASON

2016

Sweet syntax for OCaml.

FUNCTIONALOCAML

PURESCRIPT

2013

Haskell-like for JavaScript.

FUNCTIONALHASKELL

MERCURY

1995

Logic programming language.

LOGICDECLARATIVE

OZ

1991

Multi-paradigm programming.

MULTI-PARADIGMDECLARATIVE

ICON

1977

String processing language.

TEXTPROCESSING

SNOBOL

1962

Pattern matching language.

PATTERNTEXT

REBOL

1997

Messaging and data exchange.

DSLMESSAGING

SMALLTALK

1980

Pure object-oriented language.

PURE-OOPINTERACTIVE

EIFFEL

1985

Design by contract OOP.

OOPCONTRACT

GDSCRIPT

2014

Godot game engine scripting.

GAME-DEVSCRIPTING

LOGO

1967

Turtle graphics education.

EDUCATIONALVISUAL

SCRATCH

2007

Visual block programming.

EDUCATIONALVISUAL

ALICE

2010

3D educational programming.

EDUCATIONAL3D

PROCESSING

2001

Creative coding visual art.

CREATIVEVISUAL

ZSH

1990

Advanced shell scripting.

SHELLUNIX

FISH

2005

Friendly interactive shell.

SHELLINTERACTIVE

NUSHELL

2019

Modern data shell.

SHELLMODERN

XONSH

2015

Python-powered shell.

SHELLPYTHON